Explanation
Terran worlds :
In prologue of the original Zerg campaign is a mention that Zerg destroyed nine of thirteen Terran worlds. But the Terrans were surely founding new colonies, so the current number is unknown. List of all known planets follows. Except for Earth and Gantris VI they are all situated in Koprulu sector, relatively close to each other. Some solar systems have more habitable planets (Sara, Tyrador...). The numeric mark behind the planets name indicates the number of other planets orbiting closer to the sun.
Earth
Terran homeworld - one moon
Gantris VI
The originall destination of the Terran supercarriers Nagglfar, Argo, Sarengo and Reagan, it is situated some 2143 LY from Earth between the Earth and the Koprulu sector. It is likely, it´s a colony of the UED [...] now.
Chau Sara
Savanna – Terran colony, first occurrence of the Zerg, destroyed by the Protoss.
Known locations: Flannum Research facility , City of Los Andares.
Mar Sara
Savanna - Terran colony, overran by the Zerg and destroyed by the Protoss.
Known locations: Backwater station, Jacob installation.
Korhal IV
Desert – former prosperous Confederate [...] colony, destroyed by nuclear weapons during the rebellion. Later the capital world of the Dominion [...].
Known locations:Capital city Augustgrad.
Tarsonis
Jungle – Capitol world of the Confederacy [...], speed of rotation : 27 hours [1], assaulted by the Sons of Korhal [...] and overran by the Zerg. Three main orbital platforms.
Known locations:Capital city Tarsonis city.
Moria
Savanna – The capital world of the Kel-Moria combine, very rich resource deposits.
Antiga
Savana – former border world of the Confederacy [...] and former base of the Sons of Korhal [...]. Overran by the Zerg and destroyed by the Protoss. It have at least two moons.
Braxis
Snow – former Protoss colony, now populated by Terrans. Orbital platform. At least one habitable moon.
Known locations:Capital city Boralis.
Umoja
The capital world of the Umojan protectorate [...].
Dylar IV
Omega squadron [...] base of operations, Dominion [...] trade center. Large shipyards on the orbit.
Tyrador VIII
Sister planet of Tyrador IX. It has 10 continents [1].
Tyrador IX
One of the main Confederate [...] worlds, according to the manual.
Brontes
One of the Zerg infested worlds, mentioned in the manual.
Char
Dominion [...] border world with orbital platforms. Occupied by the Zerg.
Timul IV
Terran world, where the entire Confederate [...] garrison was slaughtered by a group of Ultralisks [...] [2].
Halcyon
Jotun
Red Stone
Ursa
Ghost training academy [1].
Protoss worlds :
According to the manual Protoss conquered hundreds of worlds, but vital infrastructure is probably only on two of them :
Aiur
Jungle – Protoss homeworld situated somewhere on the Galaxy rim. It´s position was unknown for a long time, then it was assaulted and conquered by the Zerg. The Overmind [...] settled here, but it was destroyed by Tassadar [...].
Known locations: Provinces Scion and Antioch where Fenix [...] was killed, during the Zerg invasion.
Shakuras
Twilight – new Protoss world, originally colonized by the Dark templars. After the loss of Aiur, it became an asylum for all Protoss. Several Xel´Naga artefacts and temple can be found here. Shakuras position was also unknown, but later it was exposed and assaulted by the Zerg. The Protoss however managed to preserve it.
Known locations: New Antioch province and Telematros base situated on the mesa, inaccessible by land, powered by the extern pylon cluster and protected by electromagnetic field, that prevents Zerg from flying. Unfortunatelly the Zerg eventually managed to overload the pylon cluster and thus destroying the whole base.
Zerg worlds :
Zerg certainly conquered many worlds, but only two of them are important :
Zerus
Lava – Originall Zerg homeworld. Now deserted.
Char
Lava – New Zerg capital world. The new Overmind [...] grew here, but later it was enslaved by the UED [...]. Eventually the planet was regained by the Zerg under Kerrigan´s [...] control.
Nor StarCraft neither BroodWar contains any positional data. It´s known, that the area is somewhere on the Galaxy rim cca 60 000 light years far away from the Earth. Terran worlds are in the sector known as Koprulu. It is likely, that the main worlds (Tarsonis, Korhal, Umoja and Moria) lies not far from each other. Chau Sara and Mar Sara were probably recently founded colonies on the borders Antiga is a border colony (mentioned in one of the pre-briefings). All remaining Terran worlds are within the sector. The size of the sector is the subject of the next paragraph.
Speed of the supercarriers, that transported 40 000 people from the Earth was 2143*c (they overcame the distance of 60 000 LY in 28 years). However the UED fleet, that was send to take control over the Koprulu sector, was launched on the basis of the observations of the struggles among the Terrans, the Zerg and the Protoss. Their flight could take longer than several months, meaning that engine technology improved 28-168 times. New ships can be able to cover 333LY per day (supposed the UED flight took 6 months). We can roughly estimate the size of the Terran sector. Let´s say it´s an circular area with radius of 2000-9000LY. I would say 3000 LY, so that from the center the ship has to fly for 10 days to reach the border colonies. However, it is possible, that UED ships were equipped with much better engines, because they had a long journey ahead of them and the advancement on the Earth was certainly faster, than the one in the Koprulu sector. The ships of the Confederacy or Sons of Korhal may be much slower. But the UED was not equipped with any other dramatically better technologies (e.g. weapons), so the idea of better engines can be wrong. Moreover, the performance of the engines should be different on each ship class. Some ships can cover the 3000 LY in ten days, some in thirty days.
The position of the Zerus is known from the manual. It is situated near the Galaxy core. The Galaxy disc has a radius of 49 000 LY. So the Zerg covered some 30-40 000 LY during their search for Protoss homeworld. Unfortunatelly it is not know, how long did it take.
Char, where the Zerg settled to infest other Terran worlds during their search, lies on the borders of the Terran sector. Because the Zerg ran across the Terrans first, it can implicate, that the Koprulu sector lies approximately on the line with Zerus, Char and Aiur. The Protoss homeworld can´t be so far from the Terran sector.
Aiur, the Protoss homeworld, should lie closer to the Galaxy rim than the Koprulu sector. The position of Shakuras was unknown for long. It may be situated anywhere in the range of tens of thousands of light years. It is even possible, it lies in galactic halo - outside the main galactic disc.
From this pieces of knowledge we can create very estimative galaxy map. Hopefully in the Starcraft II we will have official and proper map.